Byzantine Empire

April 9, 2025 | |

10 Things to Know About Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula is a strategic land bridge between Africa and Asia. The Sinai Peninsula, which connects the continents of Africa and Asia, has a landmass of 23,000 square miles, approximately...

December 4, 2024 | Clifford D. May |

Israel’s Gift

Lebanese patriots now have a chance to throw off Tehran’s yoke

October 13, 2021 | Clifford D. May |

Remember Lepanto

A great battle in a war not yet ended

June 3, 2021 | Aykan Erdemir, Tuğba Tanyeri-Erdemir

State Department Should Deliver an Honest Message about Turkey’s Religious Freedom Record

The US Department of State’s annual report on international religious freedom, released on May 12, documents the ongoing erosion of freedom of religion or belief in Turkey. The report echoes the concerns...

October 2, 2020 | Aykan Erdemir, Philip Kowalski

The United Nations: Erdogan’s Favorite Platform for Trolling the World

The United Nations General Assembly, which meets every September, offers authoritarian heads of state their favorite platform for trolling the world. For this year’s 75th annual session, Turkish president...

October 1, 2020 | Philip Kowalski |

Turkey Uses Medieval Score-Settling To Justify Its Hagia Sophia Conversion

Europe is now home to one of the world’s strangest paradoxes. The continent’s most prominent mosque, the Great Mosque of Cordoba, has served as a church since the year 1236. Meanwhile, Ankara in July converted Europe’s...

August 9, 2020 | Aykan Erdemir |

The Battle of Hagia Sophia: Erdogan’s Conquest of the Turkish Republic

This will set a dangerous precedent, emboldening supremacists not only in Turkey but also in the Middle East and North Africa.

August 4, 2020 | Aykan Erdemir |

Erdogan’s Target in Hagia Sophia Stunt was Ataturk’s Legacy

The re-designation of this iconic building as a mosque was not just a sop to the Turkish President’s Islamist fans – but another blow at the memory of the statesman whose legacy haunts and frustrates him.

July 24, 2020 | Aykan Erdemir, Tuğba Tanyeri-Erdemir

Turkish Government’s Hagia Sophia Rhetoric Adds Insult to Injury

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan converted the Hagia Sophia into a mosque on July 10, drawing criticism from foreign governments ranging from the United States to Russia, including a joint condemnation by...

April 14, 2020 | Reuel Marc Gerecht |

Iran vs. Trump: Suleimani’s Legacy, and Khamenei’s Ambitions

The supreme leader and Trump may well end the long-running, region-defining clash. We just don't know yet quite how.

March 11, 2020 | Clifford D. May |

Dragons and snakes stalk us

We can try to kill them, attempt to keep them at bay, or let them rule the jungle

January 14, 2020 | Aykan Erdemir, John Lechner

Turkey Must Stop Meddling in Armenian Church Affairs

The Turkish government is imposing its political preferences when it comes to selecting the leaders of the country’s minority groups—and posing a threat to religious freedom.

June 27, 2019 | Tony Badran |

Strategic Geography of the Middle East

With the end of the Cold War the United States lost a sound understanding of the strategic geography of the Middle East. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, US strategy focused, correctly, on histori...

June 14, 2019 | Merve Tahiroglu, Aykan Erdemir

Why Istanbul’s rerun is a battle for the soul of Turkey

Six summers ago, Erdogan’s social engineering efforts triggered their first major backlash in Istanbul. And this March, spring came back to Istanbul.

November 29, 2018 | Aykan Erdemir, John Lechner

Erdoğan’s Interests Converge with Putin in Moldova’s Gagauzia

BACKGROUND: On October 17, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan touched down in Chisinau for a ...

October 31, 2018 | Aykan Erdemir, John Lechner

The Embattled Ecumenical Patriarch Caught Between Russia and Turkey

On October 15, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) announcedits decision to break with the Ecumenical Patriar...

February 27, 2015 | Reuel Marc Gerecht

Violent Extremist vs. Holy Warrior

Is Barack Hussein Obama wrong to avoid appending “Islamic,” “Muslim,” “Islamist,” or even “jihadist” to the terrorism that has struck the West with...

June 20, 2014 | Reuel Marc Gerecht |

The Enemy Of My Enemy Is My Enemy

When Ottoman armies marched into Europe in the mid-14th century, Europeans started looking hopefully eastward for enemies of the Turks. Spanish and French kings sent ambassadors to Tamerl...

June 4, 2014 | Merve Tahiroglu FDD Policy Brief |

Turkey’s Double Standards On Protests

Anti-government demonstrators gathered at Istanbul’s Taksim Square on Saturday, May 31 on the first anniversary of last year’s Gezi Park protests. As expected, the government responde...

March 31, 2014 | Behnam Ben Taleblu FDD Policy Brief |

“Resistance Economy” Regains Resonance in Iran

Iran’s top clerics have recently been busy urging the embrace of something called a “resistance economy” from the pulpit. Iran’s Supreme Leader,&n...